Scholars have long recognized that the boundaries of family membership and definitions of family relationships are socially constructed. The social construction of family membership, and the accompanying ambiguity surrounding family language and labels, particularly in complex families who have experienced divorce, remarriage, and other …While this inhibitory effect seems to hold for spoken word recognition, things get a bit more complicated when people are asked to recognize and respond to words that are presented visually. ... The following paper reports an fMRI study of the classic Ganong effect: Myers, E. B., & Blumstein, S. E. (2008) The neural bases of the lexical effect ...Fox (1984, JEP:HPP 10, 526-540) showed that this preference, the so-called “Ganong effect,” was stronger in slower than faster responses, perhaps because it takes time for a word to be activated and for that activation to …7Learning Activity Answers Introduction[edit| edit source] Speech perception is the process by which speech is interpreted. Speech perception involves three …While theophylline addition does not cause renin release, it enhances the effect of norepinephrine. Increases in release by all of these maneuvers, except glucagon, are blocked by propranolol. ... Physiol., 219: 822—832. Passo, S.S., Assaykeen, T.A., Goldfien, A. and Ganong, W.F. (1971) Effect of a- and |3-adrenergic blocking agents on …interpretation of the latter as a word, the phenomenon known as the Ganong effect (Ganong, 1980). Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain the Ganong effect. SomeInitial Impacts of the Pandemic on… Initial Impacts of the Pandemic on Consumer Behavior: Evidence from Linked Income, Spending, and Savings Data Natalie Bachas , Peter Ganong , Pascal J. Noel , Joseph S. Vavra , Arlene Wong , Diana Farrell & Fiona E. GreigIn Ganong’s experiment, the result revealed that listeners shift their auditory categories to make the percept a real word (e.g. kiss vs. giss). This phenomenon occurred in speech perception is named ‘Ganong effect’. Ganong employed acoustic word-and-nonword continua varying in Voice Onset Time (VOT) in order to investigate this effect.Abstract. The effect of 45 or 60° head-up tilt on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate was studied in inactin-anesthetized rats. In all rats, there was a fall in blood pressure that was maximal within about 20–40 s and then returned toward normal. After 45° head-up tilt for 30 min, AVP …at the effect of the novel word on the processing of existing neighbours (e.g., cathedral). An increase in response time in tasks thought to index lexical competition (auditory lexical decision and pause detection) was taken to reflect the engagement of the learnt word in lexical competition with existing neighbours. Their results pointed to a ...can be illustrated on two examples, the short-range McGurk effect and the long-range Ganong effect. In the McGurk effect [20, 19], seeing a movie of a face that utters a stop-consonant with a velar/uvular place of articulation (e.g., /g/) can alter the perception of a stop-consonant plosive sound with a labial place of articulationLexical Bias in Cross-Dialect Word Recognition in Noise - The ...2018 оны 8-р сарын 6 ... Most of the time people use context to figure out ambiguous sounds. And one way to see this is called the Ganong effect. In one study, ...mic restoration; in the second, the Ganong effect provided the lexical support. Both studies showed that in native lan-guage listening, lexical context can determine phonetic per-A Potometer experiment is performed to estimate the transpiration rate in different plants. A potometer is an apparatus used to determine the transpiration rate of the cut shoot at the desired time. It is also called a transpirometer. Using the potometer, we can record the readings of water uptaken by the cut shoot.The Ganong effect-more identifications of a certain phoneme in a context where that phoneme would yield a real word than a context where that phoneme would yield a pseudoword-has been widely replicated. Few studies, however, have tested whether this effect occurs for frequency contrasts.CL consisted of a concurrent visual search task. Experiment 1 showed an increased Ganong effect under CL. A time-course analysis of this pattern (Experiments 2 and 3) revealed that the Ganong effect decreased over time under optimal conditions, but it did not under CL. Thus, CL appears to be delaying (and perhaps preventing) listeners ...Eye movement evidence for an immediate Ganong effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42 (12), 1969–1988. https:// …51 Ganong effect behaviorally. ERPs revealed a neural analog of lexical biasing emerging within ~200 52 ms. Source analyses uncovered a distributed neural network supporting the Ganong including ...This perceptual effect is known as the Ganong effect. TRACE reliably simulates this, and can explain it in relatively simple terms. Essentially, the lexical unit which has become activated by the input (i.e. wood) feeds back activation to the phoneme layer, boosting the activation of its constituent phonemes (i.e. /d/ ), thus resolving the ...Shen & Politzer-Ahles frequency Ganong effect. Politzer-Ahles & Lee. Public components. Long-lag priming experiment 3. Testing how the brain deploys phonological knowledge of Mandarin tones during speech comprehension / Long-lag priming experiment 3. Politzer-Ahles, Pan, Lin & 1 more.Context-dependent effects in CP are best illustrated by the so-called “Ganong effect” 88 (Ganong, 1980). The Ganong phenomenon occurs when listeners’ perceived category boundary of 89the causal effect of the supplements using both a difference-in-difference research design and an interrupted time-series research design paired with administrative data. These empirical strategies can be used respectively to identify micro disincentive effects (the effect of increasingThis probably occurs because wood is a word but woot is not. An ambiguous phoneme presented in a lexical context will is perceived consistent with the surrounding lexical context. This perceptual effect is known as the Ganong effect. TRACE reliably simulates this, and can explain it in relatively simple terms.Well, in the Ganong effect words act like perceptual magnets; when one end of the continuum is a word, listeners tend to hear more of the stimuli as a lexical ...Jul 25, 2020 · The Ganong effect is a phenomenon discovered by William Francis Ganong Jr. in which listeners exhibit a real-word bias when labeling ambiguous speech sounds. This has been repeatedly observed by giving listeners a continuum of sounds in which one sound is modified to a create a real word at one end of the continuum and a non-word at the other end. Two classic effects illustrate lexical support for phonetic encoding: the Ganong effect and phonemic restoration. Ganong created stimuli with an ambiguous initial phoneme (e.g., a sound midway between /d/ and /t/), followed by one of two syllable endings (e.g., “_ask” and “_ash”). When an ambiguous /d/–/t/ sound preceded “ask ...While the Ganong lexicality effect has been observed for phonemic and tonal categorization, the effects of frequency and markedness are less clear, especially in terms of tonal categorization.The “Ganong effect” is the tendency to perceive an ambiguous speech sound as a phoneme that would complete a real word, rather than completing a nonsense/fake word.The continued debate about the interpretation of the Ganong effect reflects the fact that the extant data are consistent with two different processing models (see Fig. …Sana itong 'Take Life' magkaroon kami ng ganong effect sa tao pero story-wise, magkaiba siya. Lalo na na mas focus ito sa sundalo, kung ano ang mga pinagdadaaanan nila," pahayag pa ni Gerald. Sa ngayon, wala pang sinabing detalye ang aktor kung kailan mapapanood sa Kapamilya network ang kanilang programa.First, the Ganong effect is typically observed with ambiguous speech, while the McGurk effect can alter the perception of even clear speech (McGurk & MacDonald, 1976). This suggests that visual input is specific to low-level information, while auditory input can tap into higher-level information.Ganong (1980) recognized this effect The continued debate about the interpretation of the Ganong effect as evidence of interaction between lexical and phonetic processes and reflects the fact that the extant data are consistent with two different was notably agnostic about whether the interaction occurred at the processing models (see Fig. 1).To assess the effect of CL on the interaction between lexically-mediated and acoustically-mediated processes, we measured the magnitude of the "Ganong effect" (i.e., lexical bias on phoneme identification) under CL and no CL. CL consisted of a concurrent visual search task. Experiment 1 showed an increased Ganong effect under CL.In the Ganong effect, listeners tend to identify ambiguous speech sounds such that the sound and its context are interpreted as a word (Ganong, 1980). For example, a speech sound that is acoustically intermediate between [g] and [k] tends to be identified as a [g] in the context _ift, and as a [k] in the context of _iss.- 2 point for mentioning the Ganong effect. - 2 point for alluding to the lexical nature of the relevant sound sequence. 6. Garden Path sentences (8 points).A Potometer experiment is performed to estimate the transpiration rate in different plants. A potometer is an apparatus used to determine the transpiration rate of the cut shoot at the desired time. It is also called a transpirometer. Using the potometer, we can record the readings of water uptaken by the cut shoot.Ganong effect in Experiment 1 did not in Experiment 2, so this can’t be due to lexical confounds like neighbourhood density. We do not know why we failed to reliably observe typical Ganong effects in the present experiment. Yang et al. (2019) had a similar pattern as ours: Ganong effect with the more “natural” stimulus manipulationWhile theophylline addition does not cause renin release, it enhances the effect of norepinephrine. Increases in release by all of these maneuvers, except glucagon, are blocked by propranolol. ... Physiol., 219: 822—832. Passo, S.S., Assaykeen, T.A., Goldfien, A. and Ganong, W.F. (1971) Effect of a- and |3-adrenergic blocking agents on …2010 оны 2-р сарын 23 ... For example, there is a long history of research on lexical effects in speech perception. The Ganong (1980) effect is one: the category ...The continued debate about the interpretation of the Ganong effect reflects the fact that the extant data are consistent with two different processing models (see Fig. …This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys, resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. High blood pressure may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled . Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker.During the Ganong Effect, the lexical effect is even stronger when the sound to be identified is at the beginning of the word. Perceptual magnet effect. The ...The Ganong effect-more identifications of a certain phoneme in a context where that phoneme would yield a real word than a context where that phoneme would yield a pseudoword-has been widely replicated. Few studies, however, have tested whether this effect occurs for frequency contrasts.For example, Newman et al. (1997) demonstrated an influence of neighborhood density on phoneme perception in an experiment that exploited the well-known Ganong effect. In the Ganong effect ...Download scientific diagram | Ganong effect with a different final phoneme (no ambiguity). from publication: Infant Word Recognition: Insights from TRACE Simulations | The TRACE model of speech ...The effect of cognitive load (CL) on speech recognition has received little attention despite the prevalence of CL in everyday life, e.g., dual-tasking. To assess the effect of CL on the interaction between lexically-mediated and acoustically-mediated processes, we measured the magnitude of the “Ganong effect” (i.e., lexical bias on phoneme identification) under …Abstract. In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, infusion of a low dose of histamine directly into the third ventricle increased plasma ACTH concentration. The increase was unaffected by metiamide, a drug which blocks H2 receptors, but was abolished by mepyramine, a drug which blocks H2 receptors. Mepyramine alone did not produce a …The way this is achieved is known as the ganong effect. To understand more about this phenomenon please read on. In 1915 an experimental psychologist by the name of Arthur Hugh Ganong analysed children and determined that there were two different ways in which understanding could be achieved: through association or through differentiation.Keywords: Ganong effects; response times; response-signal paradigm 1. INTRODUCTION Listeners prefer to identify ambiguous members of a word-nonword continuum between two phonolog-ical categories as the category corresponding to the word endpoint [4, 11]. This lexical preference or “Ganong effect” has both informed understanding2021 оны 4-р сарын 8 ... Abstract. □ Categorical judgments of otherwise identical phonemes are biased toward hearing words (i.e., “Ganong effect”) suggesting.To assess the effect of CL on the interaction between lexically-mediated and acoustically-mediated processes, we measured the magnitude of the “Ganong effect” …Stephen Politzer-Ahles added file Experiment 2/ganong_bootstraps.RData to OSF Storage in Shen & Politzer-Ahles frequency Ganong effect. 2019-10-14 09:58 PM. Stephen Politzer-Ahles made Shen & Politzer-Ahles frequency Ganong effect public. 2019-08-29 05:43 AM.These results match the lexical bias effect in Ganong (1980), both. Figure 1. Results from categorical perception task. Lines depict the average proportion.Ngoài hình ảnh định dạng PNG, bạn cũng có thể tìm thấy gánh hàng rong vectơ, tệp psd và hình nền hd. Bạn có thể thấy các định dạng trên đầu của mỗi hình ảnh, PNG, PSD, EPS hoặc AI, có thể giúp bạn trực tiếp tải xuống các tài nguyên miễn phí bạn muốn bằng cách nhấp ...Ganong effect in Experiment 1 did not in Experiment 2, so this can’t be due to lexical confounds like neighbourhood density. We do not know why we failed to reliably observe typical Ganong effects in the present experiment. Yang et al. (2019) had a similar pattern as ours: Ganong effect with the more “natural” stimulus manipulationThe effect of cognitive load (CL) on speech recognition has received little attention despite the prevalence of CL in everyday life, e.g., dual-tasking. To assess the effect of CL on the interaction between lexically-mediated and acoustically-mediated processes, we measured the magnitude of the “Ganong effect” (i.e., lexical bias on phoneme identification) under …Context-dependent effects in CP are best illustrated by the so-called "Ganong effect" ( Ganong, 1980 ). The Ganong phenomenon occurs when listeners' perceived category boundary of a word-nonword continuum of phonemes shifts (is biased) toward the lexical item.patterns, Coarticulation, Ganong effect, Multimedia speech under-standing 1 INTRODUCTION Video as a medium of speech or communication delivery has grown tremendously over the past few decades. It is now being used for many aspects of day-to-day life like for online meetings, seminars, delivering lectures and entertainment applications like ...Keywords: Ganong effects; response times; response-signal paradigm 1. INTRODUCTION Listeners prefer to identify ambiguous members of a word-nonword continuum between two phonolog-ical categories as the category corresponding to the word endpoint [4, 11]. This lexical preference or “Ganong effect” has both informed understandingSearch life-sciences literature (Over 39 million articles, preprints and more)The opposite effect would be expected if the preceding sound were [u] rather than [i] because then the [d] and not the [b] would contrast. An alternative is an eyetracking experiment, where we show the two words on the screen, play one of them, and measure the probability and latency of first fixations to the two words as a function of whether the …The Ganong Effect - Linguistics NetworkTo assess the effect of CL on the interaction between lexically-mediated and acoustically-mediated processes, we measured the magnitude of the “Ganong effect” …The McGurk effect works only for vowels, so the soundtrack has more influence than the video image. C. Voicing and tongue gestures are barely visible, or are invisible, meaning that the actor's appearance is compatible with multiple phonemes.c. Ganong effect. d. TRACE model. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 8.3 Recognizing Spoken Words in Real Time Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 23. In Spivey and Marian’s 1999 study, bilingual English–Russian speakers heard instructions such as Can you hand me the marker?Passo, S.S., T.A. Assaykeen, A. Goldfien, and W.F. Ganong, Effect of α- and ß-adrenergic blocking agents on the increase in renin secretion produced by stimulation of the medulla oblongata in dogs, Neuroendocrinology 7: 94–104, 1971b. Google ScholarA lexical bias (i.e., Ganong effect) is indicated when the location of the perceptual boundary (β 0)inphoneme identification shifts dependent on the anchoring speech context (Myers & Blumstein, 2008; Ganong, 1980). Behavioral labeling speeds (i.e., RTs) were computed as listeners’ median response latency across trials for a given condition.The results showed that 1) the Ganong effect was larger in the low compared to the high conflict condition in single-word contexts, suggesting that cue conflict dynamically influences online speech perception, 2) the Ganong effect was larger for those with weaker compared to stronger receptive language, and 3) the relationship between the ...mic restoration; in the second, the Ganong effect provided the lexical support. Both studies showed that in native lan-guage listening, lexical context can determine phonetic per-Abstract: The Ganong effect—more identifications of a certain phoneme in a context where that phoneme would yield a real word than a context where that phoneme would yield a pseudoword—has been widely replicated. Few studies, however, have tested whether this effect occurs for frequency contrasts. In the present study, participants ...2020 оны 8-р сарын 12 ... Context-dependent effects in CP are best illustrated by the so-called “Ganong effect” (Ganong, 1980). The Ganong phenomenon occurs when ...Abstract. Categorical judgments of otherwise identical phonemes are biased toward hearing words (i.e., “Ganong effect”) suggesting lexical context influences perception of even basic speech primitives. Lexical biasing could manifest via late stage postperceptual mechanisms related to decision or, alternatively, top–down linguistic inference that acts on early perceptual coding. Here, we ...Starns, Chen, and Staub (in press) use eye movements to investigate the forced choice recognition memory paradigm; Staub, Dillon, and Clifton (in press) find that readers do have difficulty with the matrix verb following an object relative clause; and Kingston, Levy, Rysling, and Staub (in press) learn more about the timing of the classic …This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Ganong effect, grant proposal, speech perception on 26/06/2017 by jkingstn. Keeping words out of your ears This is the first post of what I hope will be a regular series of posts on topics in phonetics, phonology, linguistics, and any of the many things that I can connect to these topics.Listeners tend to categorize an ambiguous speech sound so that it forms a word with its context (Ganong, 1980). This effect could reflect feedback from the lexicon to phonemic activation ...“Ganong effect” (see Pitt & Samuel, 1993, for additional results, a review, and a meta-analysis of results to that date). The Ganong effect has been interpreted differently in …That suggests, it says, that government stimulus programs, at least so far, have limited the effects of job losses. ... Cox, Natalie, Peter Ganong, Pascal Noel, Joseph Vavra, Arlene Wong, Diana ...Jul 25, 2020 · The Ganong effect is a phenomenon discovered by William Francis Ganong Jr. in which listeners exhibit a real-word bias when labeling ambiguous speech sounds. This has been repeatedly observed by giving listeners a continuum of sounds in which one sound is modified to a create a real word at one end of the continuum and a non-word at the other end. Broadly, the differential effect of informational masking here supports other observations in the literature, namely, that categorization of speech occurs in higher-order and lower-order brain regions, and converging evidence of lexical effects on categorical processing (Bidelman et al., 2020b, Ganong, 1980, Myers and Blumstein, 2008). Lexical …patterns, Coarticulation, Ganong effect, Multimedia speech under-standing 1 INTRODUCTION Video as a medium of speech or communication delivery has grown tremendously over the past few decades. It is now being used for many aspects of day-to-day life like for online meetings, seminars, delivering lectures and entertainment applications like ...The adaptors in Study 2 were individually selected for each listener in the same way that individual adaptors were selected for lexical tests using the Ganong effect (Samuel, 2001; Samuel & Frost, in preparation): The acoustic-phonetic input was selected to be ambiguous. Nonetheless, the audiovisual adaptors were entirely unable to drive ...This finding, which now gets called a Ganong effect, is an example of a top-down influence on perceptual processing. We call information that flows to the brain from the outside world through sensory surfaces, like the vibration of the inner ear or an image on the retina, bottom-up information.As anyone who has experienced the McGurk effect or the Ganong effect will confirm, both visual (McGurk) and lexical (Ganong) context produce compelling phenomenological experiences. Despite this, the results of these two types of experiences produce divergent outcomes with respect to the criterion of consequential impact.Dan ’s Tweets - Twitter ... Puhonpatterns, Coarticulation, Ganong effect, Multimedia speech under-standing 1 INTRODUCTION Video as a medium of speech or communication delivery has grown tremendously over the past few decades. It is now being used for many aspects of day-to-day life like for online meetings, seminars, delivering lectures and entertainment applications like ...The Ganong effect (2.5 hours) ↵ Back to module homepage In the previous section, I asked you to draw a graph predicting what you think would happen in a new kind of experiment. …Created with Sketch. Play Video Icon Shams Charnania on the Ripple Effect From Damian Lillard Trade · Play Video Icon Shams Charania Breaks Down The Complicated ...CITATION. Cox, Natalie, Peter Ganong, Pascal Noel, Joseph Vavra, Arlene Wong, Diana Farrell, and Fiona Grieg. 2020. “Initial Impacts of the Pandemic on Consumer ...Keywords: Ganong effects; response times; response-signal paradigm 1. INTRODUCTION Listeners prefer to identify ambiguous members of a word-nonword continuum between two phonolog-ical categories as the category corresponding to the word endpoint [4, 11]. This lexical preference or “Ganong effect” has both informed understandingThe results showed that 1) the Ganong effect was larger in the low compared to the high conflict condition in single-word contexts, suggesting that cue conflict dynamically influences online speech perception, 2) the Ganong effect was larger for those with weaker compared to stronger receptive language, and 3) the relationship between the ...Phonetic perception shifted toward the direction of words, establishing a robust Ganong effect behaviorally. ERPs revealed a neural analog of lexical biasing emerging within ~200 ms.
mic restoration; in the second, the Ganong effect provided the lexical support. Both studies showed that in native lan-guage listening, lexical context can determine phonetic per-. Craigslist asheville nc farm garden
Abstract: The Ganong effect—more identifications of a certain phoneme in a context where that phoneme would yield a real word than a context where that phoneme would …This finding, which now gets called a Ganong effect, is an example of a top-down influence on perceptual processing. We call information that flows to the brain from the outside world through sensory surfaces, like the vibration of the inner ear or an image on the retina, bottom-up information. Ganong effect in Experiment 1 did not in Experiment 2, so this can’t be due to lexical confounds like neighbourhood density. We do not know why we failed to reliably observe typical Ganong effects in the present experiment. Yang et al. (2019) had a similar pattern as ours: Ganong effect with the more “natural” stimulus manipulationStarns, Chen, and Staub (in press) use eye movements to investigate the forced choice recognition memory paradigm; Staub, Dillon, and Clifton (in press) find that readers do have difficulty with the matrix verb following an object relative clause; and Kingston, Levy, Rysling, and Staub (in press) learn more about the timing of the classic …Fox (1984, JEP:HPP 10, 526-540) showed that this preference, the so-called “Ganong effect,” was stronger in slower than faster responses, perhaps because it takes time for a word to be activated and for that activation to …When you have finished these activities, continue to the next section of the module: "The Ganong effect". by Stephen Politzer-Ahles. Last modified on 2021-07-13. CC-BY-4.0.The Ganong effect (2.5 hours) ↵ Back to module homepage In the previous section, I asked you to draw a graph predicting what you think would happen in a new kind of experiment. Do the activities below to think about this kind of experiment and learn what it's about. Reflect on the design of this experiment Predict the results of another experiment2. How does the McGurk effect differ from the Ganong effect? 3. Can priming occur without conscious awareness of the prime? What paradigm do researchers use to assess this possibility? 4. How does a lexical decision task work? Can lexical decision be used for both visual (written) and auditory (spoken) experiments? What is the dependent measure in2020 оны 1-р сарын 21 ... No frequency-based Ganong effect was found. VC 2020 Acoustical Society of America. [Editor: Douglas D. O'Shaughnessy]. Pages: E37– ...Specifically, Experiments 2 and 3 used a speeded-classification task to test whether, as in the case of the auditory Ganong effect, lexical effects are greater ...A similar phenomenon is the Ganong effect, in which a sound that is ambiguous between two phonemes is perceived differently depending on the word that contains it. Answer : While listening to the audios , even though I knew there was going to be a change in the audio than a usual and normal sentence I was n’t able to identify the gaps and ...Abstract. The Ganong effect refers to the impact of lexical knowledge on auditory perception of words when stimuli are acoustically ambiguous. When adult listeners …Early Ganong effects. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. International Phonetic Association, London, UK. pdf.D. Keywords. categorical perception, Ganong effect, lexical identification shift, noise-vocoded speech, phonetic contrasts. Abstract. In speech perception ...The Ganong effect has typically been tested using manipulations comparing contexts where one interpretation of the ambiguous sound yields a word and the other a pseudoword (e.g., task and *dask, *tesk and desk). Most accounts of why the Ganong effect occurs, however,2 42 Abstract 43 Categorical judgments of otherwise identical phonemes are biased toward hearing words (i.e., 44 “Ganong effect”) suggesting lexical context influences perception of even basic speech primitives. 45 Lexical biasing could manifest via late stage post-perceptual mechanisms related to decision or 46 alternatively, top-down linguistic …Early Ganong effects. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. International Phonetic Association, London, UK. pdf.The Ganong effect is the tendency to perceive an ambiguous speech sound as a phoneme that would complete a real word, rather than completing a nonsense/fake word. [1] An example of this: Stimulus creation Apart from normal speech, there were two kinds of stimulus This shows degradations at two difficulty levels:Guyton & Hall mentions the Donnan effect in relation to capillary fluid shifts around page 196 of the 13 th edition, and the treatment of this phenomenon there is most unsatisfying. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology does a slightly better job (p.6 of the 23 rd edition), three or so paragraphs which is probably good enough for government ...This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys, resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. High blood pressure may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled . Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker..
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